How to Overcome Examination Stress

Exam Stress

Quicklinks:
General exam stress-busting tips
Tips for the revision period
Tips for the exam itself
After the exam
A few anxiety reduction techniques

Exam Stress

Exam anxiety is:

• excessive worry about upcoming exams
• fear of being evaluated
• apprehension about the consequences
• experienced by many normal students
• not mysterious or difficult to understand
• manageable by following a plan of helpful suggestions

Four main areas which can contribute to your exam anxiety are:
Lifestyle issues:-

• inadequate rest
• poor nutrition
• too many stimulants
• insufficient exercise
• not scheduling available time
• not prioritising commitments

Information needs:-

• strategies for exam-taking
• academic information such as course requirements, lecturers' expectations, exam dates and exam location
• knowledge of how to apply anxiety reduction techniques while studying before any exam

Poor Studying Styles:-

• Inefficient: inconsistent content coverage; trying to memorize the textbook; binge studying; all-night studying before exams
• Ineffective: reading without understanding; cannot recall the material; not making revision notes; not revising

Psychological Factors:-

• feeling little or no control over the exam situation (rather than knowing and applying exam strategies)
• negative thinking and self-criticism (rather than being one's own best friend)
• irrational thinking about exams and outcomes
• irrational beliefs "If I don't pass, my (family/boyfriend/girlfriend/friends) will lose respect for me"; "I will never get a Degree."
• irrational demands "I have to get at least a 2.1 or I am worthless."
• catastrophic predictions "I'll fail no matter what I do—there’s no point."

General Exam Stress-Busting Tips

Believe in yourself. If you prepare for the exams properly you should do fine, meaning that there is no need to worry excessively.
Don't try to be perfect. It's great to succeed and reach for the stars, but keep things in balance. If you think that "anything less than a 2.1 means I've failed" then you are creating mountains of unnecessary stress for yourself. Aim to do your best but do recognise that none of us can be perfect all of the time.
Take steps to overcome problems. If you find you don't understand some of your course material, getting stressed out won't help. Instead, take action to address the problem directly by seeing or talking to your Tutor or getting help from your classmates.
Don't keep things bottled up. Confiding in someone you trust and who will be supportive is a great way to alleviate stress and worry. You are welcome to come to (http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/studentservices/ ) to talk to one of our Advisers or Counsellors, perhaps just for some initial advice or if you feel you want to take things further.  You can drop in to make an appointment either at The ASC (The Advice and Support Centre) at 79 North Street, or our offices at Eden Court on The Scores.   Alternatively, you can:-
Phone: 01334 462020
Email: theasc@st-andrews.ac.uk
Book an appointment with a Support Adviser via our Online Booking System
Keep things in perspective. The exams might seem like the most crucial thing right now but, in the grander scheme of your whole life, they are only a small part. Interrupt negative thoughts with positive ones. Examples:  “I can do this”, “I will do my best”, “I can pass this test”, “I will focus only on the question in front of me.”  "I have done it before, so I can do it again."  Actively challenge your irrational thoughts. Life will be worth living regardless of this exam. Respect yourself for taking this course and getting this far, regardless of the outcome.
Plan your study time. Too much material + Too little time = Anxiety.  Plan your studying with regularly scheduled study sessions about 50 minutes long separated by 5 – 10 minute breaks.
Try to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Anxiety increases when one feels tired, run down and overwhelmed. Overall resilience depends on one's physical and mental health, which can be strengthened by:

• enough movement and exercise (vs. couch potato lifestyle)
• balanced life (vs. over-stress)
• positive thoughts/beliefs (vs. self-defeating thoughts/cynicism)
• health focus (vs. self-neglect)
• replenishing nutrition (vs. junk food)
• regular and adequate sleep (vs. late night lifestyle)

Get accurate information. Check your School Handbook and get an understanding of the grading procedure. If you don’t understand, ask. Well before the exam, make sure you know where it will be held, the start time, how long it will last, whether extra time will be allowed. Ask your Lecturer any questions like when the marks will be available, what materials can or should be brought into the exam room.
Get yourself into exam mode. Practise on sample tests in the textbook or study guide. Look at past exams. Ask for suggestions from your Lecturer what to expect in the exam, what course materials should be emphasised, how to prioritise study time for the course.
Plan. Rest well the night before the exam. Plan to arrive at the exam location early. If you can pick your seat, choose one away from the doors, windows or other distractions. Plan to monitor the time during the exam so wear a watch or sit where you can see the clock. Plan to wear layers of clothing so you can adjust your need for more warmth or coolness. Check out the examination room ahead of time if you can.
Avoid bad things. Give coffee and other stimulants a miss the night before the exam or on the day of the exam. Avoid anxious or talkative students. Avoid other people or things that may disturb your self-confidence, focus and level of relaxation. Definitely avoid arriving late.

Tips for the Revision Period

Leave plenty of time to revise so that you don't have to do last minute cramming. Giving yourself adequate time will help to boost your confidence and reduce any pre-exam stress as you know you have prepared well.
Develop a timetable so that you can track and monitor your progress. Make sure you allow time for fun and relaxation so that you avoid burning out, but avoid drugs and alcohol.
Take a short break as soon as you notice your mind is losing concentration. Make yourself a sandwich. You will then come back to your revision refreshed. Be careful that you don’t reward yourself during your break with five minutes of TV or checking your e-mail or Facebook. A few minutes can easily turn into an hour before you know it.
Experiment with alternative revision techniques so that revision is more fun and your motivation to study is high. Try mind-mapping, use multi-coloured index cards, get yourself an assortment of highlighter pens.
Don't drink too much coffee, tea or fizzy drinks; the caffeine will 'hype' you and make your thinking less clear. Eat healthily and regularly; your brain will benefit from the nutrients. Don’t give in to a Saturday evening of binge drinking, either!
Regular moderate exercise will boost your energy, clear your mind and reduce feelings of stress. Try out some yoga, pilates, tai chi or relaxation techniques. They will help to keep you feeling calm and balanced, improve your concentration levels and help you to sleep better.

Tips for the Exam itself

Avoid panic. It's natural to feel some exam nerves prior to starting the exam, but getting excessively nervous is counterproductive as you will not be able to think as clearly.
The quickest and most effective way to eliminate feelings of stress and panic is to close your eyes and take several long, slow deep breaths. Breathing in this way calms your whole nervous system. Simultaneously you could give yourself some mental pep-talk by mentally repeating "I am calm and relaxed" or "I know I will do fine".
If your mind goes blank, don't panic! It will just make it harder to recall information. Instead, focus on slow, deep breathing for about one minute. If you still can't remember the information, then move on to another question and return to this question later.
Take a small bottle of water into the exam with you and some sweets (if allowed—find out ahead of time). Have a drink of water. If you are really stuck, you might consider getting up and taking a short walk outside the room to compose yourself or going to the toilet. Ask the invigilator for assistance. When you are able, get back to work - remember that it is better to put something down rather than nothing.
Remember that the invigilator is there to assist you (for instance, if you have a problem with distracting noises inside or outside of the examination room, if the sun is shining on your exam paper, if you need a drink of water, etc.).
Survey what’s in front of you

• Read the instructions carefully
• Quickly survey every page of the exam paper
• See what will be expected of you
• Re-read the instructions a second time (are you really being asked to answer either one or three of the questions?)

Prioritise what needs to be done

• When surveying the exam paper, place a mark beside all questions you know you can answer
• Divide up your time according to the importance of the questions
• Answer the easiest questions first to guarantee marks in the least amount of time

Pace yourself

• Do not rush through the exam
• Regularly check time left for the rest of the questions
• Give yourself time to proofread; you should not still be writing at the invigilator’s “5 minutes remaining” announcement

After the exam

• The day before the exam, you might want to decide what you are going to do immediately after the exam ends. Standing around and joining in with others' delight or dismay is almost always discouraging. If you have something already planned you can simply leave others to do the post-mortem, while you go and do something more enjoyable. Whatever you do, don't spend endless time criticising yourself for where you think you went wrong. Often our own self-assessment is far too harsh. Congratulate yourself for the things you did right, learn from the bits where you know you could have done better, and then move on.

• Plan to reward yourself for your hard work.  After the exam, do something you enjoy that makes you feel special: take a relaxing walk, have coffee with a friend, buy yourself a present, exercise, have dinner at a favourite restaurant, take a luxurious bath with candles, soft music and a good book (not a textbook). If you are going to meet up with someone, you could agree with them that you will only talk about the exam for 5 minutes - or even not at all. It’s important that you let the stress of the exam go if you have more exams to sit over the next few days or weeks..

Some Anxiety Reduction Techniques

Take a deep breath:-

• hold it for three seconds
• exhale audibly all at once and let your head, jaw and shoulders drop
• breathe easy ‘into’ your neck, jaw and shoulders and breathe again into the relaxed state
• repeat cycle once or twice
• if you try this in an exam, you will likely want to exhale more quietly so that you don’t disturb the other students

Total tension release (can be done lying down or sitting):-

• tense your whole body one part at a time
• lift your toes and tense both calves
• tense your thighs and buttocks
• tighten your abdomen
• tense your chest and back
• tighten your arms and clench your fists
• tense your neck and clench your jaw
• tightly close your eyes
• take a deep breath and hold it for five seconds
• let your breath and the tension in your body go all at once
• feel the tension leave your body

Relaxation sanctuary (useful in the exam):-

• focus on the inner screen of your mind’s eye
• imagine your ideal, safe, relaxing place
• close your eyes
• in your mind, send yourself there for 15 to 30 seconds
• breathe easily and enjoy the relaxation
• go there whenever you need a quick relaxing break (make sure you don’t fall asleep if you are in the middle of your exam, though!)

Smile!

• really feel that smile spread throughout your body
• take a deep breath and exhale through your mouth

E-Books

You might find these e-books helpful:-

Coping with stress at University
The stress-free guide to studying at university
50 ways to prevent and manage stress
End procrastination now!
Overcoming anxiety, stress and panic
The complete anxiety treatment and homework planner
(Please note:- Whilst Student Services has obtained permission to provide these links, we cannot accept responsibility for their content.)

Library Books
Passing exams without anxiety: How to get organised, be prepared and feel confident of success, Acres, D. (1998) How To Books.
Passing Exams: A guide for maximum success and minimum stress, Hamilton, D (2003) Thomson Publishing.

Useful Websites
Living Life to the Full
Student Services has invested in this online package with E-Books, videos and worksheets.  If you would like to talk about the material or have questions, then please contact the Support Advice Team at Student Services.

http://www.centreforconfidence.co.uk
http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/podcasts/

SOURE-https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/students/advice/personal/managingexamstress/

Book Exhibition at Library

Digital Learning: A Birds eye view of web platform in Digital India for Learning

     Digital Learning: A Birds eye view of web platform in Digital India for Learning                                           

 

                                                            Mr. Shiba Bhue

                            Librarian, Kendriya Vidyalaya, INS Chilka, Odisha -725037

                                               http://librarykvinschilka.blogspot.in/

 

 

                                                               

1-epathshala: Learning on the go (http://epathshala.nic.in/)

Mobile app based e Library developed by NCERT and MHRD. One can download the apps in android, iOS, and window and see the audio, video, text, curriculum and periodicals from class 1 to 12^th and   even contribute as educator.

Features

·         Access digital textbooks and e-resources; participate in exhibitions, festivals, contests, workshops, etc.

·         Enrich schooling through digital textbooks, e- resources, participate in research activities

·         Enhance quality through curricular documents e- contents, participate in research activities.

·         Nurture creative talents through curricular documents, learning outcomes, digital textbooks, and e-resources.

 

2- e-PG Pathshala: A gateway to all PG Couse   (http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/index.php)

An MHRD, under its National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT), has assigned work to the UGC for development of e-content in 71 subjects at postgraduate level. The content and its quality is the key component of education system.

High quality, curriculum-based, interactive content in different subjects across all disciplines of social sciences, arts, fine arts & humanities, natural & mathematical sciences, linguistics and languages is being developed under this initiative named e-PG Pathshala.

3-Online Labs (http://www.olabs.edu.in/)

The Online Labs Developed by Amrita University & CDAC Mumbai. Funded by Deity (Department of Electronics and Information Technology) is based on the idea that lab experiments can be taught using the Internet, more efficiently and less expensively. The labs can also be made available to students with no access to physical labs or where equipment is not available owing to being scarce or costly. This helps them compete with students in better equipped schools and bridges the digital divide and geographical distances. The experiments can be accessed anytime and anywhere, overcoming the constraints on time felt when having access to the physical lab for only a short period of time.

Features

• Content aligned to NCERT/CBSE and State Board Syllabus.
• Physics, Chemistry, Biology Labs from Class 9 to Class 12. English and Math’s lessons for Class 9 and 10.
• Interactive simulations, animations and lab videos.
• The concepts and understanding of the experiment.
• The ability to perform, record and learn experiments - anywhere, anytime, and individualized practice in all areas of experimentation.

 

4-Khan Academy: Free world class education for anyone anywhere (https://www.khanacademy.org/)

 Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. Its tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. Also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.

 

5-NROER    (http://nroer.gov.in/welcome)

National repositories of open educational resources are a collaborative platform, which brings together everyone interested in school and teacher education. Initiated by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India and managed by the Central Institute of Educational Technology, National Council of Educational Research and Training, the Repository runs on the MetaStudio platform, an initiative of the Knowledge Labs, Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education.

Features

·         Open Educational Resources mapped to school curriculum.

·         Homogeneous collections of resources.

·         Device independent digital books.

·         Online blended course.

·         Community showcase and celebrations.

·         Contribution from Individuals and institution.

 

6- Swayam: Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds, India’s MOOC Platform (https://www.edx.org/)

MOOCS or massive open online courses have made access to top university-level content for every learner possible. By providing free online courses on demand, MOOCS enable learners to learn from anywhere irrespective of their situation as long as they have internet access

Currently, SWAYAM is expected to offer three different courses - one from UC Berkeley’s Umesh Vazarani’s and two from IIT Bombay. And SWAYAM is going to use openEdx as its MOOC platform. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore has also joined edX and will host online course soon

 

7- NPTEL: (http://nptel.ac.in/)

NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning) is a joint initiative of the IITs and IISc. Through this initiative, its offer online courses and certification in various topics starting from humanities to engineering. It is the largest repository of courses in Engineering, Science and Humanities from India's best Institutes.

·         Self- study, anytime, anywhere

·         Experience class room like learning from the experts

·         Knowledge is free

·         largest repository of courses in Engineering, Science and Humanities from India's best Institutes

 

8-Sakshat: Leverage power of ICT in higher education (http://www.sakshat.ac.in)

To cater to the learning needs of more than 50 crore people through a proposed scheme of ‘National Mission in Education through Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The scheme is to provide connectivity to all institutions of higher learning to world of knowledge in the cyber space, to leverage the potential of ICT, in providing high quality knowledge modules with right e-contents, to address to the personalized needs of learners, in order to take care of their aspirations. These modules are to be delivered through ‘SAKSHAT’. The scheme may also have a provision of certification of competencies of the human resources acquired through formal or non-formal means as also to develop and maintain the database of profile of human resources.

9-SODHGANGA-A reservoir of Indian Theses (http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/)

The Shodhganga at INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. The repository has the ability to capture, index, and store, disseminate and preserve ETDs submitted by the researchers.

 

Roman Saini, a 24-year-old has done something that people of his age generally find boring. Saini left his job in Indian Administrative Service (IAS) as assistant collector of Jabalpur and has become an online tutor. The young mind has a Unacademy.in platform on YouTube where he uploads lectures for candidates aspiring to become doctors, civil servants, computer programmers. He also shares documents on experts in foreign languages. The online teacher’s educational works have been viewed by 1.1 crore people and has 20,000 Twitter followers and 64,000 likes on Facebook.

 

 

   

 

 

                                                                Reference

·         http://edtechreview.in/trends-insights/trends/1598-indian-hrd-ministry-launches-a-mooc-platform-swayam

·         https://www.quora.com/What-is-Roman-Sainis-vision-about-Unacademy-How-does-he-see-it-in-the-next-one-or-two-years

·         http://mhrd.gov.in/technology-enabled-learning-1

·         https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/08/14/india-launches-national-repository-of-open-educational-resources/

·         http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Main_Page

·         http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2015/09/pranab-mukherjee-president-of-india/

·         http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/

·         Education more (January ,2016) 

 

 

 

 

DOWNLOAD STUDY METERIALS FOR CLASS XI &XII SCIENEC ,COMMERCE

Dear students please download the study materials prepared by ZIET Bhubaneswar For class XI & XII  in the following website under the head of  New Download .& Publications

                             http://www.zietbbsr.org/home.php

                             http://www.zietbbsr.org/home.php  

                                         KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

                                              GUIDELINES FOR ADMISSIONS

                                                                   IN

                                            http://kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/ADM-14-15.pdf      KENDRIYA VIDYALAYAS

PSA MODEL PAPER (CLASS VI TO VIII)

VISIT THE PAGE AND DOWNLOAD PSA MODEL PAPER (CLASS VI TO VIII)AS PER YOU CLASS

https://librarykvkmm2014.wordpress.com/model-paper/psa-model-paper-class-vi-to-viii/

The 25 Most Used Mobile Apps In Education

1. Dropbox: Thanks to the magic and wonder of cloud computing, professors on the go can access their files from other devices they’ve connected to their personal networks, meaning they never leave an important digital document at home!
2. Documents To Go:
   Available for nearly all smartphone and PDA platforms, Documents To Go offers up the full suite of Microsoft Office programs, and saving a file on one device makes changes to all connected ones as well!
3. Lab Guru:
   iPad-owning science professors sign up for the popular Lab Guru to draw up experiments and tote them into the field or onto the counter for note taking and sharing.
4. Attendance:
   Educators with iDevices love this app for doing exactly what the name says it does – assist them in keeping track of what students attended what classes when.
5. Evernote:
   Sort digital files into scrapbooks and make sure all necessary class materials sit in the proper place with one of the mobile world’s most lauded organization applications of all time.
6. The Elements: A Visual Exploration:
   Even non-chemistry buffs absolutely adore The Elements iPad app, which illustrates the periodic table with richly detailed photos and comprehensive information about all the basic components of everyday (and not-so-everyday) matter.
7. TED:
   Professors love using the intelligent, open source lectures available through TED to supplement their classroom lessons (on myriad topics, to boot) and even learn a few things they themselves didn’t know before.
8. Twitter:
   Whether used for backchanneling or sharing reminders and helpful online materials, Twitter has established itself as an essential tool for the 21st century classroom.
9. Science 360:
   Android and iDevice owners listen to audio and watch video on all the sciences here, making it an absolutely perfect resource for sharing with students and boosting personal knowledge.
10. Quick Graph:
    For math professors, Quick Graph provides mobile computing’s most detailed visuals when it comes to calculating equations in two and three dimensions.
11. Keynote:
    Keynote allows users to whip up multimedia presentations for lectures, conferences, and more on their iDevices, because sometimes PowerPoint just won’t do at all, dahling.
12. TeacherKit:This app serves as an educator’s personal assistant in many ways, keeping track of nearly everything they need to stay on task, record grades and attendance, and plenty more – but only for iDevice owners, unfortunately.
13. Teacher Aide Pro:
    Android-enabled academics who can’t use TeacherKit turn to the award-winning Teacher Aid Pro to accomplish the exact same goals mentioned above.
14. Google Apps:
    More of a spacious suite of multiple apps rather than just one, these offerings by Internet juggernaut Google enhance any classroom with access to an Android, iPad, iPhone, Blackberry, Windows Phone, or other mobile gadget.
15. Blackboard Mobile Learn:
    Because so many colleges and universities provide access to Blackboard – especially for its online classes – it makes perfect sense that allowing easy mobile access appeals to tech-savvy educators.
16. eClicker Polling System:
    Make great PowerPoint and Keynote presentations even more effective with an app transforming iDevices into centers for making drawings, taking polls, scrolling through slides, and other fabulous features.
17. Wikipedia:
    Despite its open editing structure, Wikipedia generally hosts the most accurate available information, and plenty of professors head there for research … even if it’s a clandestine peek!
18. CourseSmart:
    CourseSmart provides smartphone and tablet fans a painless way to read thousands of textbooks without potentially breaking their backs and shoulders with heavy bags!
19. Bento:
    Developed for iDevices, this app streamlines the project-planning and creating process, as well as serving as a pretty nifty little general organizer.
20. Edmodo:If social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter don’t provide enough privacy for discussions and sharing classroom materials, Edmodo might fill that gap because it specifically targets teachers hoping to work closely with their students online.
21. QuickOffice Pro:
    For $14.99, iDevice and Android owners enjoy access to the full Microsoft Office suite, where they can create, edit, and share documents while out and about.
22. Box:
    Another dazzlingly popular cloud application allowing for file retrieval from any computer hosting it, with ramped-up privacy for anyone concerned about losing important documents to 1337 ]-[4><><0 li="" z.="">
23. iAnnotate:
    Making notes, bookmarking, and highlighting is inevitable in academia – or, at least, in academia where work actually gets done – and this offering renders the process easy when it comes to PDF files.
24. Mendeley:
    Professors inundated with research (and in possession of an iPhone) download Mendeley to keep their research compiled and organized, as well as network with other professionals and educators.
25. Popplet:
    Mind map out those presentations and papers with Popplet, a quick and easy tool for visualizing how everything could fit together for the most effective and memorable lectures imaginable.http://www.edudemic.com/most-used-mobile-apps-education/

e-Pathshala

Republic Day 2016

Republic Day 2016

Republic day 2016 in India would be celebrated on 26th of January, at Tuesday. In 2016, India would celebrate its 67th Republic Day. First Republic Day of India was celebrated in 1950.           

Republic Day in India

Republic day in India is celebrated every year with great honour on 26th of January to honour the Constitution of India as it came into force on the same day in the year 1950. It had replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 into the governing document of the India. At this day, a national holiday is declared by the Indian Government. The new Indian constitution was sketched and approved by the Indian Constituent Assembly and decided to celebrate it on 26th of January every year as India became a republic country.

Chief Guest on Republic Day of India 2016

The chief guest on Republic Day of India in 2016 will be the French President Francois Hollande. As per the media report, it has been confirmed that he will be the chief guest of Republic Day parade 26th of January 2016.
What would be Special on Republic Day of India 2016
On this Republic Day of India:

• This is first time in the Indian history since 1950 that French contingent will participate in the Republic Day parade of India together with the Indian armed forces.
• It would be ensured the cleanliness in surrounding areas and statues of great personalities.
• The topic ‘our duties’ will be discussed in schools, colleges and other places. Find Essay on Duty
• After many years (26 years later), Indian Army dogs are now back to participate in the Republic Day Parade 2016 at the Rajpath. Around 36 Indian Army dogs including 24 Labradors and 12 German Shepherds will take part in the parade. They are practicing since last four months and three times a day for better performance.
• This is first time in the Indian history after 66 years that there will be no BSF camel contingent participation in the republic day parade 2016.
• The timing of republic day parade in 2016 has been reduced by at least 15 minutes by the government. There is plan to perform 90-minute parade in 2016 instead of two hours by cutting down some marching military contingents and number of tableaux.

Republic Day Celebration

National Flag of India

As Independence Day in India is celebrated to enjoy the freedom of India from the British Rule, Republic Day in India is celebrated to commemorate the coming of its own constitution into force. Officially it is celebrated every year in the national capital of India (New Delhi) at the Rajpath in the presence of the President of India. Mini celebrations are also take place in the state capitals in the presence of the governor of the state by spreading out the National Flag of the country.
January 26 is declared as the gazetted holiday all over the country by the Government of India. It is celebrated throughout the India with great enthusiasm by the students and teachers in the schools, colleges, universities and other educational institution.
An excellent parade and salute event is held by the military team at the Rajpath in front of the India Gate in the New Delhi, India.

How Republic Day is Celebrated

Events and celebrations are organized with great effort by the Government of India already to celebrate the Republic Day in the Capital. A huge and grand military parade is held in the New Delhi at Rajpath as well as the state capitals. Participants from the Indian Army, Air Force, Navy and traditional dance group takes part in the parades.
Parade held in the New Delhi starts especially when prime minister of the India offer garland at the Amar Jawan Jyoti at the India Gate. It is done to commemorate all the sacrifices of the Indian army soldiers while saving their country. The military salute is taken by the President of India during the parade in the Capital whereas military salute is taken by the state governors in the state capitals. At this special day, a foreign head of the state become chief guest of the president.
National awards (Maha Veer Chakra, Ashok Chakra, Param Veer Chakra, Veer Chakra) and bravery medals are also distributed at this day to the soldiers of armed forces, common people and students from the school. Armed forces helicopters do parade in the surrounding area of the India Gate to shower the rose petals over audience. A dance parade by singing patriotic songs is also performed by the school children. Armed Forces staff performs the motorcycle rides whereas the staff from the Indian Air Force perform fly parade through the fighter planes (making tri color of the Indian Flag by the smoke) for offering the honour salute to the president.
A range of traditional and cultural programs are performed by the professionals from different states to focus the history and culture of the country. During this grand celebration, a prime minister’s rally and Lok Tarang-National Folk Dance Festival is also held from 24th of January to the 29th of January.
All the Government and non Government offices of the nation and state including post offices, banks are closed at this day. Special security is organized at this day because of the huge crowed and prevent the common people from any problem.

What was Special on 66th Republic Day in 2015

Women armed forces of India took part for the first time in the Republic day Parade 2015 as Prime Minister, Narendra Modi were keen to Women Empowerment and Nari Shakti. Women Empowerment, Nari Shakti, Make in India Jhaki, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Jhaki by kids and Jan Dhan Yojana Jhaki were the main themes of Republic Day Parade 2015.
US President, Barack Obama was the chief guest of Republic Day celebration of India 2015 on 26^th of January in New Delhi. He was accompanied by his wife (Michelle Obama) and senior official’s team of the administration. He reached to India and welcomed on 25^th of January in India by the Indian PM Narendra Modi by breaking all the protocols. After that, PM Narendra Modi and US President became involved in the personal talk followed by the delegates meeting and then attended the press conference.
US President was honoured by the “Guard of Honour” (led by the Puja Thakur, a wing commander) at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in evening on 25^th of January. In the night he was honoured with the most excellent dinner with 200 personalities of India. He also paid tribute with flowers and folded hands to the Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat, New Delhi. Successfully he attended the Indian Republic Day ceremony at Rajpath, New Delhi 2015.
His visit to the Taj Mahal (which was scheduled on 27^th of January) was cancelled as it was necessary for him to go to the Saudi Arabia because of the death of King Abdullah on Friday, 23rd of January.

History of Celebrating Republic Day

India got freedom from the British Rule on 15th of August in the year 1947. At that time, there was no any permanent constitution of the country. First time, the first draft of the Indian Constitution was presented by the drafting committee to the national assembly on 4th of November in the year 1947. The first draft of the Indian Constitution was signed by the national assembly in both version, the English and the Hindi on 24th of January in the year 1950.
Then the Constitution of India came into effect on the Republic Day means 26th of January in 1950. From then, the 26th of January was started celebrating as the Republic Day in India. At this day, India was declared as the Purna Swaraj Country thus it was started celebrating every year as the anniversary of the Purna Swaraj Day.
The Constitution of India brought the power to the Indian citizens to select their own government. The oath was taken by the Dr. Rajendra Prasad as a first president of the India at Durbar Hall in the Government House. India has big history behind celebrating the Republic day.

Importance of Celebrating 26 January

Republic Day is the symbol of true spirit for the independent India where military parades, exhibiting military equipments, salute to the national flag by the Indian president and variety of events are take place at this day. Indian national flag has horizontally tricolour (upper saffron, middle white and bottom of dark green colour divided in the equal proportion) and a wheel (navy blue colour, having 24 spokes) in the centre representing the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.
India is a country having people of different cultures, societies, religions and languages who interplay with each other harmoniously. Independence to the India is the great pride as it was obtained over years after facing a variety of obstacles and hurdles.
The day is celebrated every year to feel the Indian people very proud for living in the multi cultural and independent country. Republic Day is celebrated in very colourful and exhilarating ways in order to make memorable and significant celebration of the year. National Anthem is sing by the people participated in the celebration. This celebration brings all the Indian people together at one place and thinks at one topic.

Indian republic day chief guest list

As every year, the India would follow the great Indian culture and tradition “Atithi Devo Bhav” of welcoming the prime Minister of another country as a chief guest. Next year, the Republic Day 2016, the India may heartily welcome the France President, Francois Hollande, as a chief guest at the Indian Republic Day. Below is the list of all the chief guests welcomed in India at each Republic Day from the year India was declared as the Republic country till 2016:

Year	Guest Name	Country
2016	President, Francois Hollande	France
2015	President, Barack Obama	USA
2014	Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe	Japan
2013	King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	Bhutan
2012	Prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra	Thailand
2011	President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	Indonesia
2010	President, Lee Myung Bak	Republic of Korea
2009	President, Nursultan Nazarbayev	Kazakhstan
2008	President, Nicolas Sarkozy	France
2007	President, Vladimir Putin	Russia
2006	King, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud	Saudi Arabia
2005	King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck	Bhutan
2004	President, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva	Brazil
2003	President, Mohammed Khatami	Iran
2002	President, Cassam Uteem	Mauritius
2001	President, Abdelaziz Bouteflika	Algeria
2000	President, Olusegun Obasanjo	Nigeria
1999	King, Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev	Nepal
1998	President, Jacques Chirac	France
1997	Prime Minister, Basdeo Panday	Trinidad and Tobago
1996	President, Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso	Brazil
1995	President, Nelson Mandela	South Africa
1994	Prime Minister, Goh Chok Tong	Singapore
1993	Prime Minister, John Major	United Kingdom
1992	President, Mário Soares	Portugal
1991	President, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom	Maldives
1990	Prime Minister, Anerood Jugnauth	Mauritius
1989	General Secretary, Nguyen Van Linh	Vietnam
1988	President, Junius Jayewardene	Sri Lanka
1987	President, Alan Garcia	Peru
1986	Prime Minister, Andreas Papandreou	Greece
1985	President, Raúl Alfonsín	Argentina
1984	King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck	Bhutan
1983	President, Shehu Shagari	Nigeria
1982	King, Juan Carlos I	Spain
1981	President, Jose Lopez Portillo	Mexico
1980	President, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing	France
1979	Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser	Australia
1978	President, Patrick Hillery	Ireland
1977	First Secretary, Edward Gierek	Poland
1976	Prime Minister, Jacques Chirac	France
1975	President, Kenneth Kaunda	Zambia
1974	President, Josip Broz Tito	Yugoslavia
	Prime Minister, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike	Sri Lanka
1973	President, Mobutu Sese Seko	Zaire
1972	Prime Minister, Seewoosagur Ramgoolam	Mauritius
1971	President, Julius Nyerere	Tanzania
1970	–
1969	Prime Minister, Todor Zhivkov	Bulgaria
1968	Prime Minister, Alexei Kosygin	Soviet Union
	President, Josip Broz Tito	Yugoslavia
1967	–
1966	–
1965	Food and Agriculture Minister, Rana Abdul Hamid	Pakistan
1964	–
1963	King, Norodom Sihanouk	Cambodia
1962	–
1961	Queen, Elizabeth II	United Kingdom
1960	President, Kliment Voroshilov	Soviet Union
1959	–
1958	Marshall Ye Jianying	People’s Republic of China
1957	–
1956	–
1955	Governor General, Malik Ghulam Muhammad	Pakistan
1954	King, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck	Bhutan
1953	–
1952	–
1951	–
1950	President, Sukarno	Indonesia

Republic Day (26 January) Parade

This is the real picture of the Republic Day parade at the Rajpath by the President’s Body Guards, coming out from the President’s house, wore the winter ceremonial dress. The Bodyguard of the President of the India becomes a specially selected Indian Army from cavalry regiment, based in the Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi and a senior most unit of the Indian Army. The Bodyguards of the Indian President becomes fully responsible for guiding and protecting the President of India. They become fully equipped with equipments, BTR-60 vehicles to use in any combat and ride horses.

This is the photo of Republic Day parade by displaying an Agni-ll Ballistic missile at the Rajpath. Agni-II is a great Indian ballistic missile of an intermediate-range having target capacity of around 3,500 km to 5,000 km deep to the neighboring countries. It has been developed as a most sophisticated Indian ballistic missile of its range having the circular error probable within 40 meters of range. After it, the Agni-lll Ballistic missile of India has also been developed as its successor in the month of June in 2011.

This is an excellently decorated picture of the Lion Capital at the Rajpath on the occasion of celebrating the Republic Day of India. Just in front of the Lion Capital there is made the map of India decorated with the yellow flower. In the middle of map there is made an Indian Flag of tricolor. Below the map of India there is made three circles of the flower under a big circle. How amazing look has this decorated Lion Capital.

This is the snap of the Republic Day parade by the exclusive BSF Camel Contingent of India at the Rajpath. BSF of the India become the Border Security Force of the Government of India, under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs of India, which is responsible for the guarding the international Indian borders. BSF becomes one of the specially selected Central Armed Police Forces which was established on 1st of December in 1965 to guard the international borders of India in order to maintain the peace as well as to prevent the trans border crimes. Indian BSF has the strength of around 240,000 personnel (both, men and women) divided in 186 battalions. Indian BSF is the largest border guarding forces all over the world. The first Director General of the Indian BSF was the K. F. Rustomji who had founded the BSF in India and known as the “Founding Father of the Indian BSF”.

This is an amazing shot of the Republic Day parade by the Indian Army Madras Regiment at the Rajpath. The Madras Regiment of India is considered as the oldest regiment of the army formed in India during 1750s (Madras town was founded in the year 1639). It has become an old Indian regiment went through the various campaigns of the British Indian Army and continuously as an Indian Army. Earlier during 1660s, it was developed as Madras European Regiment by the East India Company however; later during 1750s, it was developed as a battalion by the Major Stringer Lawrence. After independence, the Madras Regiment was formed which has become involved in various campaigns like humanitarian aid operations and UN peacekeeping missions.

Facts about Republic Day of India 2015

• US President, Barack Obama would be the first US President to be the chief guest on Indian Republic Day, 2015.
• US President, Barack Obama would be at the platform of Rajpath to attend the Republic Day parade.
• There is an arrangement of a bullet-proof shield car to protect him.
• American president would spend outside the bullet-proof shield car for only 45 minutes and power point presentation of the show has been given to the US officials.
• US demand for the “no fly” zone over Rajpath has been rejected by the India because it is a main attraction of show.
• Bulletproof car of the President Obama has features like 18-feet length, 8 ton weight, able to resist bombs and bullets, has night vision camera, satellite phones (having direct connection to Vice President and Pentagon) and a trained driver who can take 180 degree turn.
• High technology CCTV cameras and face recognition cameras have been installed at every entry to the capital to monitor, identify and catch criminals.

Highlights of Republic Day Celebration 2015 at India Gate

Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi at India gate paying tribute to the Indian freedom fighters who had sacrificed their lives at Amar Jawan Jyoti.

US President, Barak Obama with his wife at the India Gate where he warm welcomed by the PM, Narendra Modi.

US President, Barak Obama at the India gate joining the Indian Republic Day celebration of 2015 (66th) as a chief guest.

Jhaki of “Make in India” at the Rajpath, New Delhi by the Government of India. It was a new theme added to the Jhaki of Republic Day celebration 2015.

Jhaki of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” at the Rajpath, New Delhi by the Government of India. It was also a new theme added to the Jhaki of Indian Republic Day celebration 2015.

SOURCE - http://www.indiacelebrating.com/events/republic-day-26-january/http://www.indiacelebrating.com/events/republic-day-26-january/

http://mhrd.gov.in/e-contents